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Hasan M.
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Image Generated: 16th April 2025
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An Analytical Comparison of Political Movements in Three Theories A comparative review of the theories of realism, liberalism, and constructivism reveals their fundamental differences in analyzing the role of political movements in the process of changing the world order. Each of these theories looks at how movements—especially Islamic movements against hegemony—have an impact on the international level from a specific angle. Realism, with its emphasis on the power, security, and sovereignty of the state, considers political movements to be important only when they can influence the behavior of governments or become state actors themselves. The strength of this theory is in analyzing the changes in the regional balance of power, but it is incapable of explaining the ideology, semantic legitimacy, and soft activism of the movements. • Liberalism broadens the horizon of analysis and recognizes non-state actors and international institutions in addition to governments. In this framework, political movements are analyzed as transnational networks or members of international cooperation regimes. Although this theory explains interactions, cooperation, and the dissemination of norms well, it fails to analyze radical, civilization-building, and confrontational movements. • Constructivism with a focus on identity, discourse, and meaning, provides a deeper analysis of political movements as meaning-makers and norm-makers. This theory shows how movements redefine concepts such as justice, legitimacy, security, and order. However, constructivism in the face of movements that operate on the basis of religious metaphysics, guardianship, and Sharia, is limited due to its secular foundation. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of these three theories, the present study uses an integrated theoretical framework. By combining the structural analysis of realism, the networked-institutional approach of liberalism, and the discourse-oriented approach of constructivism, we aim to provide a comprehensive and multi-layered understanding of the role of anti-hegemonic Islamic movements in changing the world order. TagsTags
political movementstheoretical analysisworld order
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